Investigating how perceived risk and availability of marijuana relate to marijuana use among adolescents in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay over time.

AIMS: Amid changing marijuana policies in the Southern Cone, we examined relationships between marijuana-related risk factors and marijuana use among adolescents in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay from 2001 to 2016. METHODS: Using cross-sectional surveys from 8th, 10th, and 12th graders and weighted time-varying effect models, we estimated associations between perceived risk (no/low risk versus moderate/great risk) and perceived availability (easy/very easy versus difficult/very difficult/not able to obtain) of marijuana, and any past-month marijuana use. RESULTS: In all countries, marijuana use increased over time and adolescents who perceived no/low risk and easy availability had higher odds of use. In Argentina, the bivariate risk/use association weakened from 2001 (OR = 15.24, 95%CI = 9.63, 24.12) to 2004 [OR = 3.86 (2.72, 5.48)] and strengthened until 2011 [OR = 8.22 (7.56, 10.30)]; the availability/use association strengthened from 2005 [OR = 5.32 (4.05, 6.98)] to 2009 [OR = 20.77 (15.57, 27.70)] and weakened until 2014 [OR = 11.00 (9.11, 13.27)]. In Chile, the risk/use association weakened from 2001 [OR = 7.22 (6.57, 7.95)] to 2015 [OR = 5.58 (4.82, 6.48)]; the availability/use association weakened from 2001 [OR = 5.92 (4.96, 7.06)] to 2015 [OR = 4.10 (3.15, 5.34)]. In Uruguay, the risk/use association weakened from 2003 [OR = 34.22 (22.76, 51.46)] to 2016 [OR = 6.23 (4.96, 7.83)]; the availability/use association weakened from 2005 [OR = 29.13 (13.39, 63.39) to 2007 [OR = 9.42 (3.85, 23.07)], and strengthened until 2016 [OR = 22.68 (12.03, 42.76)]. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the association between risk and use weakened in all countries, suggesting risk perceptions became a weaker determinant of marijuana use. Perceived availability remained strongly associated with use and may become an increasingly important driver of use (particularly in Uruguay and Argentina).

Calidad de vida en usuarios de dispositivos residenciales comunitarios en salud mental / Quality of life in residents of community residential devices on mental health

La Colonia Nacional Dr. Montes de Oca (CMDO) atiende población con discapacidad intelectual y patologías psiquiátricas. A partir de transformaciones institucionales recientes surgió la necesidad de conocer las implicancias de los diferentes dispositivos residenciales en la calidad de vida de los usuarios alojados. METODOLOGÍA: Muestra compuesta por 51 usuarios internados en pabellones de la CMDO y 45 residentes en Dispositivos Residenciales Comunitarios (DRC). Se relevaron variables sociodemográficas, epidemiológicas y contextuales y dimensiones del constructo Calidad de Vida, mediante Escala GENCAT. Se calcularon proporciones y medidas de resumen. Se compararon los puntajes directos de la GENCAT mediante prueba estadística U de Mann-Whitney (alfa =0,05). Se construyó el perfil de calidad de vida promedio y se calculó el índice de Calidad de Vida (ICV) para cada grupo. RESULTADOS: En los puntajes directos de Calidad de Vida, la diferencia de medianas entre los dos grupos fue significativa (p<0.01) para todas las dimensiones. La mayor diferencia se observó en la dimensión de Bienestar Material, seguida por Desarrollo personal, Derechos y Autodeterminación. La menor brecha se encontró en Bienestar físico. CONCLUSIÓN: El perfil de calidad de vida de los residentes en DRC fue superior en general y en cada una de sus dimensiones.

The National Colony Dr. Montes de Oca (CMDO) takes care of a population with intellectual disability and psychiatric pathologies. Due to recent transformations, the need of knowing the implications of the different residential devices on the quality of life of the hosted users arose. METHODOLOGY: Sample composed of 51 hospitalized into the CMDO and 45 residents in Community Residential Devices (CRD). Sociodemographic, epidemiological and contextual variables and dimensions of the Quality of Life construct were measured using the GENCAT Scale. Proportions and summary measures were calculated. Direct GENCAT scores were compared using Mann-Whitney U test (alpha = 0.05). The Average Quality of Life Profile was constructed and the Quality of Life Index (ICV) for each group was calculated. RESULTS: In the direct Quality of Life scores, the median difference between the two groups was significant (p <0.01) for all dimensions. The major difference was observed in the Material Welfare dimension , followed by Personal Development, Rights and Self-Determination. The smallest gap was found in Physical well-being. CONCLUSION: The quality of life profile of residents in CRD was higher in general and in each of its dimensions.

[Community residential devices associated with Psychiatric Hospital "Dr. Manuel A. Montes De Oca" in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina]. / Dispositivos residenciales comunitarios asociados a la Colonia Nacional "Dr. Manuel A. Montes de Oca" de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The psychiatric hospital "Dr. Manuel A. Montes de Oca" has developed a Program for the Reform of the Model of Attention and Integral Rehabilitation that includes the implantation of community residential devices in the area of influence of the Institution. This program, which aims at the progressive replacement of asylum beds, has been the subject of an evaluative investigation that has included almost all the devices through a transversal and descriptive design, with instruments of survey created by the equipment and in agreement with the References of the Institution. The present article proposes to initiate a set of evaluative works in different dimensions concerning the institutional reform process, describing the antecedents, the objectives and the methodology and development of the study to achieve the general characterization of the devices. The main results of the study are summarized below on a set of aspects that we consider most signifcant for the characterization of the devices: a) Type of users served; B) Coverage of Care; C) Method of approach; D) Use of social and health services; E) Expenses and returns to the Institution; E) Main barriers encountered in the implementation of such devices. The work concludes with a series of proposals that are based on the survey carried out tending to promote the greatest possible sustainability in the implementation of the selected community devices.

Transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas en el departamento de San Fernando, Provincia del Chaco / Congenital transmission of chagas disease in San Fernando Department, Province of Chaco

INTRODUCCIÓN: La vía congénita es una de las principales formas de transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas: afecta desde un 0,7 a un 17% de los niños nacidos de madres infectadas por Trypanosoma cruzi OBJETIVOS: Calcular la cantidad de infectados por T. cruzi entre niños nacidos de madres diagnosticadas con Chagas durante 2010 y sus hermanos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se definió como caso índice a toda mujer embarazada residente en el departamento chaqueño de San Fernando con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas en 2010. Se efectuaron visitas en el domicilio de las mujeres y se extrajeron muestras a sus hijos, que fueron procesadas por la red pública de laboratorios mediante Hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI ) y Ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), definiendo las discordancias con Inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). RESULTADOS: Se localizó a 71 madres que cumplían la definición de caso. Entre las encuestadas, 65 (92,9%) conocían su diagnóstico de infección por T. cruzi; de las cuales 4 (5,8%) realizaban controles cardiológicos anuales. Por cada tres puérperas con Chagas, se diagnosticó un infectado adicional. De 188 muestras de hijos de madres infectadas con el parásito, 23 resultaron positivas: la proporción de transmisión por vía congénita fue del 12,2% (IC 95%: 7,2-17,1). CONCLUSIONES: La proporción de infección congénita encontrada no difiere significativamente de las de la región y América Latina en general.

INTRODUCTION: The congenital transmission of Chagas disease is one of the most important, affecting between 0.7 to 17% of children born to Trypanosoma cruzi infected mothers. OBJECTIVES: To calculate the number of T. cruzi infected children among those born to mothers diagnosed with the infection in 2010 and their siblings. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Anindex case was defined as a pregnant woman living in San Fernando Department (Province of Chaco) diagnosed with Chagas disease in 2010. The samples collected in children during home visits were processed by the network of public laboratories through indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and ELISA, resolving the discordance with indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) RESULTS: A total of 71 mothers met the case definition. 65 (92.9%) of the women surveyed knew their diagnosis, of which 4 (5.8%) had annual heart checks done. Among positive cases, 4 (5.8%) received an etiological treatment. There was an additional infection diagnosis for every three cases with Chagas. Out of a total of 188 samples of children from infected mothers. 23 were positive, which means that the rate of congenital transmission was 12.2% (CI 95%: 7.2-17.1). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of congenital transmission does not differ significantly from the ones in the region and Latin America in general.

Transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas en el departamento de San Fernando, Provincia del Chaco / Congenital transmission of chagas disease in San Fernando Department, Province of Chaco

INTRODUCCION: La vía congénita es una de las principales formas de transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas: afecta desde un 0,7 a un 17% de los niños nacidos de madres infectadas por Trypanosoma cruzi OBJETIVOS: Calcular la cantidad de infectados por T. cruzi entre niños nacidos de madres diagnosticadas con Chagas durante 2010 y sus hermanos. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se definió como caso índice a toda mujer embarazada residente en el departamento chaqueño de San Fernando con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas en 2010. Se efectuaron visitas en el domicilio de las mujeres y se extrajeron muestras a sus hijos, que fueron procesadas por la red pública de laboratorios mediante Hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI ) y Ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), definiendo las discordancias con Inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). RESULTADOS: Se localizó a 71 madres que cumplían la definición de caso. Entre las encuestadas, 65 (92,9%) conocían su diagnóstico de infección por T. cruzi; de las cuales 4 (5,8%) realizaban controles cardiológicos anuales. Por cada tres puérperas con Chagas, se diagnosticó un infectado adicional. De 188 muestras de hijos de madres infectadas con el parásito, 23 resultaron positivas: la proporción de transmisión por vía congénita fue del 12,2% (IC 95%: 7,2-17,1). CONCLUSIONES: La proporción de infección congénita encontrada no difiere significativamente de las de la región y América Latina en general.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: The congenital transmission of Chagas disease is one of the most important, affecting between 0.7 to 17% of children born to Trypanosoma cruzi infected mothers. OBJECTIVES: To calculate the number of T. cruzi infected children among those born to mothers diagnosed with the infection in 2010 and their siblings. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Anindex case was defined as a pregnant woman living in San Fernando Department (Province of Chaco) diagnosed with Chagas disease in 2010. The samples collected in children during home visits were processed by the network of public laboratories through indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and ELISA, resolving the discordance with indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) RESULTS: A total of 71 mothers met the case definition. 65 (92.9%) of the women surveyed knew their diagnosis, of which 4 (5.8%) had annual heart checks done. Among positive cases, 4 (5.8%) received an etiological treatment. There was an additional infection diagnosis for every three cases with Chagas. Out of a total of 188 samples of children from infected mothers. 23 were positive, which means that the rate of congenital transmission was 12.2% (CI 95%: 7.2-17.1). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of congenital transmission does not differ significantly from the ones in the region and Latin America in general.(AU)